Hooligans im österreichischen Fußball

Bereits mit der Gründung des Österreichischen Fußball-Bundes im Jahr 1904 kam es zu gewalttätigen Auseinandersetzungen im Kontext des Fußballsports. Vor allem in den letzten Jahren steigt die Zahl gewalttätiger Auseinandersetzungen zwischen rivalisierenden Anhängern und stellt den österreichischen Fußball vor immer größere Probleme. Diese Akte der Gewalt können von diesem kommerziell ausgerichteten System nicht akzeptiert werden. Schließlich wird das Amüsement „Fußball“ als familienfreundliches und friedliches Event verkauft. Um dieser Entwicklung entgegen zu wirken, wurden von Verbänden und Vereinen gezielt Maßnahmen gesetzt. Eine konkrete Auseinandersetzung mit dem Phänomen der Subkulturen „Hooligan“ und „Hooltras“ findet erst seit kurzem statt. Diesbezüglich gibt es aber nur in Deutschland aussagekräftige Studien, an welchen sich die österreichische Literatur orientiert. Dabei kommt es insofern zu der Problematik, dass die deutschen Verhältnisse auf Österreich nicht eins zu eins übertragbar sind. Vorliegende Arbeit stellt einen Versuch dar, die Kategorisierungen der österreichischen Fankultur beim Fußballsport näher zu beleuchten. Ausgehend von psychologischen und kommunikations – soziologischen Theorien wird gezeigt, was man unter „Fankultur“ versteht, dazu gehören bestimmte Kommunikationsformen und Kodes. In den Medien wird jede Erscheinungsform von Gewalt im Rahmen von Fußballspielen unter den Begriff des „Hooliganismus“ subsumiert. Hier wird jedoch gezeigt, dass es spezifische Ausprägungen und Differenzierungen dieser Subkultur gibtIn the founding year of 1904 of the Austrian Soccer Association violent confrontations were already noted in association with the sport of soccer. Especially the growing number of violent confrontations between rivalling fans as experienced during recent years has resulted in an increasing set of problems for Austrian Soccer. However, a system that is of commercial orientation can not accept this world of violence. After all, soccer is presented and sold as a family friendly and peaceful affair. To this end, associations and clubs have introduced measurements to counter and reverse these negative developments. Precise analyses dealing with the phenomenon of subcultures such as "Hooligan" and "Hooltras" have only been initiated in the recent past. Austrian literature had to rely to a large extent on pertinent German studies which harbor the problem that the German situation can not be transferred strictly to the Austrian setting. In this manuscript a closer look and evaluation of the categories of Austrian fan culture associated with the sport of soccer is attempted. The meaning of "fan culture" and its inherent forms of communication and codes are presented based upon psychological, communication and social theories. In the media all manifestation of violence in context with soccer games is summarized as "Hooliganism". However, this work serves to demonstrate that there are differences and specific characteristics in this subcultur

Onset and progression of diabetes in kidney transplant patients receiving everolimus or cyclosporine therapy: an analysis of two randomized, multicenter trials

Background: Conversion from calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) therapy to a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor following kidney transplantation may help to preserve graft function. Data are sparse, however, concerning the impact of conversion on posttransplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) or the progression of pre-existing diabetes. Methods: PTDM and other diabetes-related parameters were assessed post hoc in two large open-label multicenter trials. Kidney transplant recipients were randomized (i) at month 4.5 to switch to everolimus or remain on a standard cyclosporine (CsA)-based regimen (ZEUS, n = 300), or (ii) at month 3 to switch to everolimus, remain on standard CNI therapy or convert to everolimus with reduced-exposure CsA (HERAKLES, n = 497). Results: There were no significant differences in the incidence of PTDM between treatment groups (log rank p = 0.97 [ZEUS], p = 0.90 [HERAKLES]). The mean change in random blood glucose from randomization to month 12 was also similar between treatment groups in both trials for patients with or without PTDM, and with or without pre-existing diabetes. The change in eGFR from randomization to month 12 showed a benefit for everolimus versus comparator groups in all subpopulations, but only reached significance in larger subgroups (no PTDM or no pre-existing diabetes). Conclusions: Within the restrictions of this post hoc analysis, including non-standardized diagnostic criteria and limited glycemia laboratory parameters, these data do not indicate any difference in the incidence or severity of PTDM with early conversion from a CsA-based regimen to everolimus, or in the progression of pre-existing diabetes. Trial registration: clinicaltrials.gov , NCT00154310 (registered September 2005) and NCT00514514 (registered August 2007); EudraCT ( 2006-007021-32 and 2004-004346-40 )

Collection, Standardization and Attribution of Robust Disaster Event Information – A Demonstrator of a National Event-Based Loss and Damage Database in Austria

Loss and damage databases are essential tools within the disaster risk management cycle for making informed decisions. However, even in data-rich countries such as Austria, no consistent and curated multi-hazard database is available. Based on the requirements of the United Nations, the European Union, as well as on national demands to deal with disaster impacts, we conceived and set up a demonstrator for a consistent multi-hazard national event-based loss and damage database that addresses event identification, loss accounting and disaster forensics according to international standards. We built our database on already existing data from administration and federal agencies and formulated a process to combine those data in a synergetic way. Furthermore, we tested how earth observation and weather data could help to derive more robust disaster event information. Our demonstrator focuses on two Austrian federal provinces, three hazard types – floods, storms and mass movements – and the period between 2005 and 2018. By analyzing over 140.000 single event descriptions, we conclude that – despite some limitations in retrospective data harmonization – the implementation of a curated event-based national loss and damage database is feasible and adds significant value compared to the usage of single national datasets or existing international databases such as EM-DAT or the Risk Data Hub. With our demonstrator, we are able to support the national risk assessment, the national Sendai Monitoring and federal disaster risk management with the provision of best possible harmonized loss and damage information, tailored indicators and statistics as well as hazard impact maps on the municipality scale.ISSN:2076-326

Efficacy and safety of conversion from cyclosporine to everolimus in living-donor kidney transplant recipients: an analysis from the ZEUS study

Conversion of living-donor kidney transplant patients from calcineurin inhibitor therapy to an mTOR inhibitor is poorly documented. In the prospective, multicentre ZEUS study, 300 kidney transplant recipients without prior rejection (Banff grade >1) and serum creatinine ≤265 μmol/l were randomized to continue cyclosporine or convert to everolimus at 4.5 months post-transplant. In a post hoc analysis of 80 living-donor recipients, adjusted estimated GFR (Nankivell) at month 12 (the primary endpoint) was 74.3 (95% CI [70.7, 77.9]) ml/min/1.73 m(2) with everolimus versus 63.8 (95% CI [60.0, 67.7]) ml/min/1.73 m(2) ) with cyclosporine, a difference of 10.5 ml/min/1.73 m(2) in favour of everolimus (P < 0.001). From randomization to month 12, adjusted estimated GFR increased by a mean of 9.8 (95% CI [6.2, 13.4]) ml/min/1.73 m(2) with everolimus versus -0.7 (95% CI [-4.6, 3.1]) ml/min/1.73 m(2) ) (P < 0.001) with cyclosporine. There were six biopsy-proven acute rejection episodes in everolimus-treated patients (five Banff grade I) and one episode in cyclosporine-treated patients (Banff grade 1). Overall safety profile was similar between groups. Discontinuation due to adverse events occurred in three everolimus patients (7.1%) and five cyclosporine patients (13.2%) between randomization and month 12. Initiation of everolimus with early elimination of calcineurin therapy is associated with a significant renal benefit at 12 months post-transplant that is observed in both living and deceased-donor recipients. (clinicaltrials.gov NCT00154310)

Multiplicity dependence of light (anti-)nuclei production in p–Pb collisions at sNN=5.02 TeV

The measurement of the deuteron and anti-deuteron production in the rapidity range −1 < y < 0 as a function of transverse momentum and event multiplicity in p–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV is presented. (Anti-)deuterons are identified via their specific energy loss dE/dx and via their time-of- flight. Their production in p–Pb collisions is compared to pp and Pb–Pb collisions and is discussed within the context of thermal and coalescence models. The ratio of integrated yields of deuterons to protons (d/p) shows a significant increase as a function of the charged-particle multiplicity of the event starting from values similar to those observed in pp collisions at low multiplicities and approaching those observed in Pb–Pb collisions at high multiplicities. The mean transverse particle momenta are extracted from the deuteron spectra and the values are similar to those obtained for p and particles. Thus, deuteron spectra do not follow mass ordering. This behaviour is in contrast to the trend observed for non-composite particles in p–Pb collisions. In addition, the production of the rare 3He and 3He nuclei has been studied. The spectrum corresponding to all non-single diffractive p-Pb collisions is obtained in the rapidity window −1 < y < 0 and the pT-integrated yield dN/dy is extracted. It is found that the yields of protons, deuterons, and 3He, normalised by the spin degeneracy factor, follow an exponential decrease with mass number

Energy dependence of exclusive J/ψ\mathrm {J}/\psi photoproduction off protons in ultra-peripheral p–Pb collisions at sNN=5.02\sqrt{s_{\mathrm {\scriptscriptstyle NN}}} = 5.02 TeV

International audienceThe ALICE Collaboration has measured the energy dependence of exclusive photoproduction of $\mathrm {J}/\psi$ vector mesons off proton targets in ultra–peripheral p–Pb collisions at a centre-of-mass energy per nucleon pair $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}} = 5.02$ TeV. The e$^+$ e$^-$ and $\mu ^+\mu ^-$ decay channels are used to measure the cross section as a function of the rapidity of the $\mathrm {J}/\psi$ in the range $-2.5< y < 2.7$ , corresponding to an energy in the $\gamma$ p centre-of-mass in the interval $40< W_{\gamma \mathrm {p}}<550$ GeV. The measurements, which are consistent with a power law dependence of the exclusive $\mathrm {J}/\psi$ photoproduction cross section, are compared to previous results from HERA and the LHC and to several theoretical models. They are found to be compatible with previous measurements

Measurement of the low-energy antideuteron inelastic cross section

In this Letter, we report the first measurement of the inelastic cross section for antideuteron-nucleus interactions at low particle momenta, covering a range of 0.3 ≤ p < 4 GeV/c. The measurement is carried out using p-Pb collisions at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon–nucleon pair of $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 5.02 TeV, recorded with the ALICE detector at the CERN LHC and utilizing the detector material as an absorber for antideuterons and antiprotons. The extracted raw primary antiparticle-to-particle ratios are compared to the results from detailed ALICE simulations based on the geant4 toolkit for the propagation of (anti)particles through the detector material. The analysis of the raw primary (anti)proton spectra serves as a benchmark for this study, since their hadronic interaction cross sections are well constrained experimentally. The first measurement of the inelastic cross section for antideuteron-nucleus interactions averaged over the ALICE detector material with atomic mass numbers ⟨A⟩ = 17.4 and 31.8 is obtained. The measured inelastic cross section points to a possible excess with respect to the Glauber model parametrization used in geant4 in the lowest momentum interval of 0.3 ≤ p < 0.47 GeV/c up to a factor 2.1. This result is relevant for the understanding of antimatter propagation and the contributions to antinuclei production from cosmic ray interactions within the interstellar medium. In addition, the momentum range covered by this measurement is of particular importance to evaluate signal predictions for indirect dark-matter searches

Multiplicity dependence of (multi-)strange hadron production in proton-proton collisions at s\sqrt{s} = 13 TeV

The production rates and the transverse momentum distribution of strange hadrons at mid-rapidity ($\left| y\right| < 0.5$) are measured in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV as a function of the charged particle multiplicity, using the ALICE detector at the LHC. The production rates of $\mathrm{K}^{0}_{S}$, $\Lambda$, $\Xi$, and $\Omega$ increase with the multiplicity faster than what is reported for inclusive charged particles. The increase is found to be more pronounced for hadrons with a larger strangeness content. Possible auto-correlations between the charged particles and the strange hadrons are evaluated by measuring the event-activity with charged particle multiplicity estimators covering different pseudorapidity regions. When comparing to lower energy results, the yields of strange hadrons are found to depend only on the mid-rapidity charged particle multiplicity. Several features of the data are reproduced qualitatively by general purpose QCD Monte Carlo models that take into account the effect of densely-packed QCD strings in high multiplicity collisions. However, none of the tested models reproduce the data quantitatively. This work corroborates and extends the ALICE findings on strangeness production in proton-proton collisions at 7 TeV